فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 68 (بهار 1402)

Amol is one of the old and important cities of Tabaristan from pre-Islamic to the present day, which has played a key role in the political, economic and cultural relations of northern Iran due to its location and communication roads and geographical location. Although written sources provide valuable information about the city, many questions remain about the impact of historical and political events on development and changes in different periods. In response to these questions, the authors decided to use written sources to determine and analyze the process of its formation and developments. The subject of this study is the historical geography of Amol from the beginning of Islam to the end of the Qajar period. The aim of this study was to identify and investigate the developments through reviewing the recorded texts of historians and tourists. The main question raised is what are the influential events after the arrival of Islam in Amol and what parts of the written historical geography include. The present article has documents, documents and texts from the beginning of Islam to the end of the Qajar era. The research method of this paper is historical-descriptive-comparative. One of the most important results obtained is the arrival of Islam in 30 AH, ups and downs to the Mongol and Timur attacks, the geographical and religious importance in the Safavid period, the center of trade and construction of war equipment in the Afshariyeh and Zandieh periods and the special place in the Qajar period.

The location of Egypt on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and on the land and sea trade routes of the ancient world, caused it to be the focus of the great Achaemenid emperors as a large and important base. Despite the conquest of Egypt by Cambodia, the Achaemenid trade relationship with this western satrap It was mostly done through the old royal road, but with the efforts of Darius I, he started extensive measures in this land, the most important of which are the development of roads and the digging of the Suez Canal. With the digging of this canal, shipping activities and maritime communication and, as a result, commercial relations with Egypt expanded, and on the other hand, Iran's role as a trade route between East and West grew considerably. According to the available sources, items needed for use in the Iranian army, such as army armor and architectural tools, have been supplied from Egypt, and in return, salt and spices have been taken from Iran to Egypt. In this research, an attempt is made to deal with the items exchanged between the two countries. And in this way, to deal with the commercial issues surrounding it in order to expand the relations between the two countries, beyond the mere political relations and with the aim of promoting commercial relations.

Iran's strategic position has always been the focus of world powers; But in the twentieth century, with the discovery of oil and the exploitation of vast oil reserves, this attention doubled. Especially since the Allies, such as Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States, sought to gain access to this vast resource and, by concluding various contracts, amassed vast fortunes. Therefore, one of the significant issues in the field of contemporary history of Iran, especially since the time of the Constitution, is that with the establishment of the parliament as a legislative body in the country, this institution to counter the policies of the ruling system, what is its reaction in It was equal to events such as the oil industry and oil contracts. The purpose of this article is to explain the position of the 14th National Assembly in the nationalization of the oil industry, and the main question is how the 14th National Assembly and the oil negotiations prepared the ground for the nationalization of the oil industry? The findings of the present study show that after the dictatorship of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the National Assembly came closer to its real position from the fourteenth period onwards and the deputies were able to move in a relatively open political atmosphere in the face of important events in the country, including the crisis, Oil concessions and alienating the Allies from it, to take a free stand.

In Iran, the transmission of culture and civilization was the responsibility of educational institutions that have undergone changes over time. Tabriz was noteworthy in the ninth century in terms of scientific and educational centers. The purpose of writing this article is to investigate the socio-cultural impact of the ninth century educational institutions of Tabriz during the Qara Quyunlus and Aq Quyunlus. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results show that schools were the most important scientific centers of the ninth century. In this course, theological sciences, mathematics, philosophy and religious sciences were taught. In scientific activities, after the Mongol invasion, the fanatical spirit of favoring the Sunni religions disappeared, and philosophical and Shiite sciences flourished, and the ground for the exchange of opinions and the exchange of ideas was provided. Tabriz schools and educational institutions in the ninth century AH caused the growth and excellence of cultural and social consciousness among the people of that era and in the transition of the fanatical and petrified society that was the result of many years of Mongol rule over Iran towards social excellence and growth role Played an important .

One of the prevalent social and cultural disorders before Islam in Saudi Arabia which caused major problems was nonsense prejudices regarding tribe, race, language and belief that The Holy Prophet (S) tried hard to remove this disorder and made great change in this regard. After the demise of The Holy Prophet (S) and boycotting his household, Islamic society kept distance from religious values in many ways such as the recovery of nonsense prejudices in society and its expansion, especially during the caliphate of third caliph this problem became worse. When Imam Ali (As) became the governor, this problem was so complicated that changed to be a religious issue too; so, treating such social and cultural problem required to be tackled intelligently. Therefore, Imam Ali (As) tried to solve this problem by means of two approaches ‘Culture Building and Theoretical Explanation’ and also ‘Standardizing and Changing Theories to Approaches’. The purpose of this research is to investigate and explain Imam Ali’s function in these two axes by means of his states and also other narrations and historical reports.

The massive annual gathering of Muslims from all over the world to perform the Hajj is the largest religious ceremony in the world. There is not much knowledge about its origin, but it has affected human life on a large scale. So far, it has infected millions of people and killed many people. This has disrupted human life and normal life on Earth. Due to the necessity of Hajj and the importance of not leaving the Kaaba empty of pilgrims, the ruling on the existence or provision of a means as a condition for the obligation of Hajj is not very clear for the obligees. This has been the case; therefore, the study of "Analysis of the explanation of the global corona epidemic and its effect on the Hajj with a jurisprudential approach" which is an emerging disease is an issue that needs to be explored until a worthwhile response stage. Lack of security in the field of health in the land of revelation and the path leading to it to perform Hajj rituals, will make the obligated people unable to afford it and ultimately Hajj will not be obligatory for them.

Isfahan was the arena for the emergence of Artistic effort of Architects, during the capital of the Safavid dynasty. Many of the scholars believe that this effort have been able to create such beautiful and meaningful works that, have excited the admiration of Iranian and non-Iranian audiences, in different periods. Among the people who described the beauty of these works, were tourists who visited these buildings from the 10th to the Pahlavi era and wrote their aesthetic experiences in their Travelogue. So, one of the most important sources for Reaching the beauty components in these works of art is the descriptive reports of these tourists, which can help us to better understand the architectural beauty of that era. The aim of this research is to study the beauty components of architecture of the Safavid era from foreign tourists’s Viewpoint. In this regard, this research has selected the five important buildings of the Safavid era of Isfahan as a research sample, and, using a historical interpretation method, that with library documents, explores the elements of the architecture of the Safavid era. The results of the interpretations indicate that the components such as, astonishment, admiration, magnificence, thinking and logic, order and attention to the ornamentation are the common points that tourists have expressed about the studied examples.

It has been a tradition that before the beginning of his original text, the author has brought a section which is considered as a threshold and gateway to the original text and has been read with names such as: introduction, beginning, etc. This tradition has existed since ancient times and the oldest works and More or less changes are seen than before the fourteenth century AH, although today, preface writing has become more common. A number of works were selected and analyzed completely randomly in topics such as: history, geography, astronomy, medicine, mysticism, jurisprudence and theology. Different authors, different writers, different cultures and sometimes contradictory, and in appearance may be very different, but there is a kind of unity in them, which leads to several similar structures. (Body) and 3- beds (later). Introduction is the beginning of the name of God and saying in the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, etc.

Historical geography as a science includes the two sciences of geography and history, and the history of science is the study of human life that is realized in the context of geography. Local historiography has local aspects and examines the distant and recent past of the geographical area with a more detailed and detailed look. The historian reflects the attitude and thinking of himself and a people and nation towards their surroundings and the surrounding society, The purpose of this study is to investigate the position of various geographical dimensions in Marashi historiography. Marashi narrates historical and social events in a geographical context that he himself has witnessed and observed. The interaction between man and geography as well as the relationship between the insight and attitude of the historian and his historical understanding is the main topic of the present study. The main issue of the present study is why Seyyed Zahiruddin Marashi in his historiography, among all geographical dimensions, has paid special attention to the natural, political and military geography of Tabaristan? In this research, no hypothesis has been imagined and the problem has been investigated exploratory. The special geographical location, economic and political independence, long and continuous failures of Iranian and non-Iranian invaders in the conquest of Tabaristan and its safety for political and religious refugees, The most important factors of Marashi's special attention to the natural, political and military geography of Tabaristan have been in local historiography

The Allied occupation of Hamedan in World War II had several social, economic, and cultural consequences. The cultural-educational activities of the region underwent temporary and fleeting changes during this period, and the effects of the war caused conditions such as the fragmentation of cultural activists' programs, the stagnation of press activity, the stagnation in the performance of literary associations, and the decline of activity. Cinema and theater, the suspension of formal education in schools and the closure of some of them in Hamedan. The subject of this research is the study of the cultural consequences of World War II in Hamedan. The present study has a descriptive-analytical method and approach and the information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the consequences and effects of the outbreak of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on the cultural situation in the region and what were the causes of these consequences? The findings of this study show; Most of the cultural-educational consequences were unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan, which was gradually revived with the evacuation of the city by the Allies. These negative consequences in the field of culture and education were among the short-term consequences of the war. During the war, the first priority of the people was to meet economic needs, and cultural and educational needs were not considered a priority of the people at that time.

Iran's strategic position has always been coveted by the colonialists due to the existence of oil wells in the north and south of Iran and its great importance in the world arena. During World War II, when Iran was occupied by the Soviet Union and Britain, and after the end of the war, Britain withdrew its forces from Iran, but the Soviet Union sought to gain concessions under the pretext of that. It was at this time that Ghavam's role as prime minister of Iran, which had relatively good relations with the Soviet Union, was evident in the evacuation of Soviet forces. The main question is what was the role of Ghavam Al-Saltanah in handing over the northern oil concession and what was its purpose? Ghavam's policy on this issue was very complicated, because he, as prime minister, had to protect Iran's interests, and on the other hand, he had to protect the interests of the Soviet Union, which had supported him. This article aims to examine the relationship between Iran and the Soviet Union during this period and why Ghavam handed over northern oil to the Soviet Union, and tried to discuss how to negotiate and resolve the issue of Soviet withdrawal from Iranian territory. The research method is also qualitative and has historically described and analyzed the events. Findings show; Ghavam's main purpose in handing over this concession was not to betray the country, but only as a means to expel Soviet forces from Iranian territory.

In the Sassanid era, religion became the government and political and social structure was one-sided, religion was completely at the service of politics. The corrupt system of Mobdan justified the actions and behaviors of the oppressive kings, the class system and the shortcomings of the Sassanid era society. They faced a comprehensive and complete religion that emphasized equality, justice and equality. This research aims to investigate the religious factors of the defeat of the Sassanids against the Muslim Arabs with a critical approach using a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources and existing documents. Therefore, based on the results of the research, the religious factors that were effective in the defeat of the Iranians from the Arabs can be pointed to the chaotic conditions of the Sassanid era, the influence and power of the clerics or Mughans in the Sassanid era. Regarding the religion of Zoroastrianism in the Sassanid period, it should be known that this religion revolved around one axis of the Avesta book. This book was not a book containing mere religious rules, but had the status of a large encyclopedia, which included various sciences and also the clergy of the Zoroastrian religion. They were removed from the initial state. Iranshahri thought, the occurrence of wars such as Dhi Qar, religious policies of Sassanid clerics against Jews and Christians, and the emergence of Islam, are among the religious and religious factors effective in the defeat of the Sassanids from the Arabs.

Today, one of the most fundamental concerns of humanity is the maintenance of world peace, security and order, and international law always tries to maintain international order and peace by establishing treaties and establishing organizations. Intellectual property rights, which in today's world have transcended geographical boundaries due to their excessive use and have become very important internationally, have caused great scientific, cultural, artistic, exploratory and inventive changes. But he has appeared in the international arena with dual faces. On the one hand, growth follows the progress of science, industry and art, and on the other hand, it is a tool in the hands of intellectual property rights holders to violate international peace and security. There are many examples in the world today, such as the use and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the monopoly of the right to produce drugs and the lack of access of countries to it, which shows the violation of international peace and security by intellectual property rights holders. But what are the mechanisms by which intellectual property law and international law violate international law and, in fact, international peace and security? Examination of documents related to intellectual property rights and guarantees of their implementation shows that there is no guarantee that international property rights holders who violate international peace and security will violate international peace and security. In international law, the mechanisms provided for in international instruments, except for issuing resolutions, declarations, reporting and announcing them to other governments, do not guarantee practical implementation,

Proportion is the relationship between dimensions, and in the visual arts it implies a proper relationship between components with each other and with the totality formed by the components. In addition to the relationship between dimensions, there are qualitative or, in other words, appropriate proportions in place of the system of creation and in human constructions. Justice at the level of the system of existence means a kind of balance and proportion in the system of existence and the placement of everything in its place, which is the same qualitative proportion, which is also called developmental justice. In this regard, by studying the concepts and examples of quantitative and qualitative proportions as well as theories related to Islamic art in a descriptive-analytical method and with logical reasoning, it was concluded that quantitative and qualitative proportions as a manifestation of God's goodness in creatures. It is found and then perceived by the artist and its reflection is manifested in human works, including architecture. The divine goodness that is manifested in the creatures manifested in art in the form of geometry, proportions, harmony, rhythm, balance, etc., is expressed by the artist. In architecture, geometry and proportions represent the divine justice and destiny and the manifestation of his goodness, which the artist has reflected. Justice in architecture and urban planning is interpreted as comprehensive and all-encompassing balance and proportion, that is, quantitative proportions and qualitative relations, and observance of proportion means beauty in its true sense.

ResultIn the beginning of Qajar Government, a literary big movement begins in Iran that Persian language and the mode of poem and prose went ahead toward an evolutionary reformation. In investigation of Constitutionalists letters to Kalhors tribe leaders it can be reached to this result that according to this aim new issues raised in literature that didn’t have any background before such as social and political issues existent regime liberalism patriotism …. that sometimes causes changing of letters form that was the first result of exchanging letter between constitutionalists to west of country tribe’s leaders. The dominant theme of those letters are liberalism and fighting against injustice and inhumanity as a canonical task. Structurally one of the charities of Constitutional eras prose that its addressing is to general scope is not seen much Of course it seem that this strategy rises from literary kind of letters.Easywriting process that is one of the main tendencies of Constitutional eras prose is seen rarely. and the prose of these letters is the reminder of Beihaqis history and Saedis Bostan prose somewhat.One of the obvious and important points of these letters is its perspectives that is seen well and beautifully and it is the use of second-person Pronoun. Another point that has closed the prose of these letters to constitutional eras prose is the replacement of logic than description. Because the tendency to logic in prose is one of the prominent characteristics of Constitutional eras prose.

Concepts such as citizenship rights are among the instances of modernism and modernism in the present age Most influenced by Western ideas and in the context of the mental contexts, political and social developments, and democratic developments in Europe in Iranian thought and culture. And Iranian intellectuals and writers used this concept in their writings and writings And most of all, it appeared in contemporary prose. Social literature has been part of the prose effect due to the interaction of literature with society. The results of this study show that Mohammad Bagher Khosravi was a patriotic human being and a moderate constitution, and in his poems he has spoken of these themes. Contemporary prose effects have been written more on realism and have tried to make the realities of society at the forefront of their work, The authors of the constitutional era have expressed a great deal of social customs in their stories, and the volume of expression of these practices in their effects is enormous, But the closer we get to the revolution, the more of the social practice in Persian novels, and the less place.

Adris bin Abdullah (172-177 AH) established the Idrissian government in the far west at the end of the second century. By creating security in trade routes and implementing sound economic policies, the Idrissians were able to provide the necessary grounds for the economic prosperity of the various economic sectors of the Far West. With tolerance, respect for private property, offering various economic plans, creating welfare facilities for traders and merchants, creating and developing economic centers such as numerous domestic markets and border markets, Idrissian caused domestic economic prosperity and prosperous trade with its neighboring governments. - Despite all the political, religious differences and conflicts of economic interests.This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question: What special work did Idrissian do for the prosperity of trade in his time? And what is the place of trade in Idrissian relations with neighboring governments? The result is that the various actions of the Idrisian government led to the prosperity and expansion of trade in their time, and trade was an influential factor in the Idrissian relations with their neighboring governments, despite the enmity between them, and ultimately led to the longevity of their rule for two centuries.

The aim of this study was to explain the dimensions and components of the Iranian-Islamic approach in recreating urban historical green spaces of descriptive-analytical type. شد. In the document analysis section, the existing documents in the Parks and Historic Green Spaces Organization of Tehran Municipality, as well as the Municipality of District 7 of Tehran, are examined in detail. In the other part, it was in the form of objective and field studies that a questionnaire was used to ask these questions and the amount of information, knowledge and how the relationship between research variables. Six months of the research period were allocated to the distribution of questionnaires among citizens. According to the sample size and by selecting the largest park in terms of area in each area, the parks of Shahid Tavakoli from District 1, Duqt from District 2, Baharshiraz from District 3, Shahid Monfredniaki from District 4 and the Palace Museum from District 5 were referred to 77 questionnaires were distributed. In order to analyze the data, the results of the questionnaire were divided into two parts: descriptive statistical methods including: frequency, index and mean as indicators of central tendency, amplitude of variance, variance and standard deviation as indicators of dispersion and standard error as Distribution indices and in inferential statistics method from 10 to 30 and 2 regression are also given. Findings showed the correlation coefficient obtained from management satisfaction